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American playwright, and Nobel laureate in Literature

Eugene O'Neill
Portrait of O'Neill by Alice Boughton

Portrait of O'Neill by Alice Boughton
Born Eugene Gladstone O'Neill
(1888-10-16)October 16, 1888
New York City, New York, U.S.
Died Nov 27, 1953(1953-11-27) (aged 65)
Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.
Occupation Playwright
Notable awards Nobel Prize in Literature (1936)
Pulitzer Prize for Drama (1920, 1922, 1928, 1957)
Spouse

Kathleen Jenkins

​

​

(m. 1909; div. 1912)​


Agnes Boulton

​

​

(m. 1918; div. 1929)​


Carlotta Monterey

​

​

(m. 1929)​
Children
  • Eugene O'Neill Jr.
  • Shane O'Neill
  • Oona O'Neill
Relatives
  • James O'Neill (father)
  • Mary Ellen Quinlan (mother)
  • Geraldine Chaplin (granddaughter)
  • Oona Chaplin (bang-up granddaughter)
Signature

Eugene Gladstone O'Neill (October xvi, 1888 – November 27, 1953) was an American playwright and Nobel laureate in literature. His poetically titled plays were amongst the first to introduce into the U.Southward. the drama techniques of realism earlier associated with Russian playwright Anton Chekhov, Norwegian playwright Henrik Ibsen, and Swedish playwright August Strindberg. The tragedy Long Day's Journey into Night is often numbered on the short list of the finest U.S. plays in the 20th century, alongside Tennessee Williams's A Streetcar Named Want and Arthur Miller's Expiry of a Salesman.[1]

O'Neill's plays were among the offset to include speeches in American English language colloquial and involve characters on the fringes of society. They struggle to maintain their hopes and aspirations, but ultimately slide into disillusion and despair. Of his very few comedies, merely one is well-known (Ah, Wilderness!).[two] [3] Nearly all of his other plays involve some caste of tragedy and personal pessimism.

Early life [edit]

O'Neill was born in a hotel, the Barrett House, at Broadway and 43rd Street, on what was then Longacre Square (now Times Square).[4] A commemorative plaque was showtime dedicated at that place in 1957.[iv] [5] The site is now occupied past 1500 Broadway, which houses offices, shops and the ABC Studios.[6]

Portrait of O'Neill equally a kid, c. 1893

Birthplace plaque (1500 Broadway, northeast corner of 43rd and Broadway, New York City), presented by Circle in the Square.

He was the son of Irish immigrant player James O'Neill and Mary Ellen Quinlan, who was also of Irish gaelic descent. His begetter suffered from alcoholism; his mother from an addiction to morphine, prescribed to relieve the pains of the difficult birth of Eugene, who was her 3rd son.[7] Considering his begetter was oftentimes on bout with a theatrical company, accompanied by Eugene's mother, in 1895 O'Neill was sent to St. Aloysius Academy for Boys, a Catholic boarding school in the Riverdale department of the Bronx.[8] In 1900, he became a day pupil at the De La Salle Institute on 59th Street in Manhattan.[ix]

The O'Neill family unit reunited for summers at the Monte Cristo Cottage in New London, Connecticut. He as well briefly attended Betts Academy in Stamford.[10] He attended Princeton Academy for 1 year. Accounts vary every bit to why he left. He may have been dropped for attention likewise few classes,[eleven] been suspended for "conduct code violations",[12] or "for breaking a window",[13] or according to a more concrete but possibly apocryphal account, considering he threw "a beer bottle into the window of Professor Woodrow Wilson", the future president of the United States.[14]

O'Neill spent several years at bounding main, during which he suffered from depression and alcoholism. Despite this, he had a deep dear for the sea and it became a prominent theme in many of his plays, several of which are gear up on lath ships like those on which he worked. O'Neill joined the Marine Send Workers Matrimony of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), which was fighting for improved living weather for the working grade using quick 'on the job' direct action.[15] O'Neill'south parents and elderberry brother Jamie (who drank himself to death at the age of 45) died within three years of ane another, not long after he had begun to make his marker in the theater.

Career [edit]

After his experience in 1912–13 at a sanatorium where he was recovering from tuberculosis, he decided to devote himself total-time to writing plays (the events immediately prior to going to the sanatorium are dramatized in his masterpiece, Long Day'south Journey into Night).[ix] O'Neill had previously been employed past the New London Telegraph, writing poetry as well equally reporting. In the autumn of 1914, he entered Harvard University to attend a course in dramatic technique given by Professor George Baker. He left after one year.[9]

O'Neill'south first play, Bound Eastward for Cardiff, premiered at this theatre on a wharf in Provincetown, Massachusetts.

During the 1910s O'Neill was a regular on the Greenwich Village literary scene, where he likewise befriended many radicals, near notably Communist Labor Political party of America founder John Reed. O'Neill besides had a cursory romantic relationship with Reed's wife, author Louise Bryant.[16] O'Neill was portrayed past Jack Nicholson in the 1981 moving picture Reds, about the life of John Reed; Louise Bryant was portrayed by Diane Keaton. His involvement with the Provincetown Players began in mid-1916. Terry Carlin reported that O'Neill arrived for the summer in Provincetown with "a trunk full of plays", just this was an exaggeration.[9] Susan Glaspell describes a reading of Spring East for Cardiff that took place in the living room of Glaspell and her husband George Cram Cook'due south home on Commercial Street, adjacent to the wharf (pictured) that was used by the Players for their theater: "Then Gene took Bound East for Cardiff out of his trunk, and Freddie Burt read it to usa, Gene staying out in the dining-room while reading went on. He was not left alone in the dining-room when the reading had finished."[17] The Provincetown Players performed many of O'Neill's early on works in their theaters both in Provincetown and on MacDougal Street in Greenwich Village. Some of these early plays, such equally The Emperor Jones, began downtown and then moved to Broadway.[nine]

In an early one-act play, The Web. written in 1913, O'Neill get-go explored the darker themes that he afterward thrived on. Here he focused on the brothel world and the lives of prostitutes, which also play a role in some fourteen of his afterward plays.[eighteen] In particular, he memorably included the birth of an infant into the world of prostitution. At the time, such themes constituted a huge innovation, as these sides of life had never before been presented with such success.

O'Neill'due south first published play, Beyond the Horizon, opened on Broadway in 1920 to great acclaim, and was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Drama. His outset major hitting was The Emperor Jones, which ran on Broadway in 1920 and obliquely commented on the U.S. occupation of Haiti that was a topic of debate in that twelvemonth'due south presidential election.[19] His best-known plays include Anna Christie (Pulitzer Prize 1922), Desire Under the Elms (1924), Strange Interlude (Pulitzer Prize 1928), Mourning Becomes Electra (1931), and his only well-known comedy, Ah, Wilderness!,[3] [xx] a wistful re-imagining of his youth every bit he wished it had been. In 1936 he received the Nobel Prize for Literature after he had been nominated that year by Henrik Schück, member of the Swedish University.[21] Subsequently a ten-year pause, O'Neill's at present-renowned play The Iceman Cometh was produced in 1946. The post-obit year'southward A Moon for the Misbegotten failed, and it was decades before coming to exist considered as amongst his best works.[ commendation needed ]

Fourth dimension Cover, March 17, 1924

He was besides part of the modern motility to partially revive the classical heroic mask from ancient Greek theatre and Japanese Noh theatre in some of his plays, such every bit The Great God Brown and Lazarus Laughed. [22]

Family life [edit]

O'Neill was married to Kathleen Jenkins from October 2, 1909, to 1912, during which time they had ane son, Eugene O'Neill, Jr. (1910–1950). In 1917, O'Neill met Agnes Boulton, a successful writer of commercial fiction, and they married on April 12, 1918. They lived in a dwelling house owned by her parents in Betoken Pleasant, New Jersey, afterward their marriage.[23] The years of their marriage—during which the couple lived in Connecticut and Bermuda and had two children, Shane and Oona—are described vividly in her 1958 memoir Part of a Long Story. They divorced in 1929, after O'Neill abased Boulton and the children for the extra Carlotta Monterey (born San Francisco, California, Dec 28, 1888; died Westwood, New Jersey, November xviii, 1970). O'Neill and Carlotta married less than a month after he officially divorced his previous wife.[24]

In 1929, O'Neill and Monterey moved to the Loire Valley in fundamental France, where they lived in the Château du Plessis in Saint-Antoine-du-Rocher, Indre-et-Loire. During the early 1930s they returned to the Usa and lived in Sea Island, Georgia, at a firm called Casa Genotta. He moved to Danville, California in 1937 and lived there until 1944. His house there, Tao Firm, is today the Eugene O'Neill National Historic Site.

In their first years together, Monterey organized O'Neill'southward life, enabling him to devote himself to writing. She later became addicted to potassium bromide, and the spousal relationship deteriorated, resulting in a number of separations, although they never divorced.

In 1943, O'Neill disowned his girl Oona for marrying the English language histrion, managing director, and producer Charlie Chaplin when she was 18 and Chaplin was 54. He never saw Oona over again.

He also had distant relationships with his sons. Eugene O'Neill Jr., a Yale classicist, suffered from alcoholism and committed suicide in 1950 at the age of 40. Shane O'Neill became a heroin addict and moved into the family habitation in Bermuda, Spithead, with his new married woman, where he supported himself past selling off the furnishings. He was disowned past his father before also committing suicide (by jumping out of a window) a number of years later. Oona ultimately inherited Spithead and the connected estate (subsequently known equally the Chaplin Estate).[25] In 1950 O'Neill joined The Lambs, the famed theater guild.

Child Date of birth Engagement of death
Eugene O'Neill Jr. May 5, 1910 September 25, 1950
Shane O'Neill October xxx, 1919 June 23, 1977
Oona O'Neill May 14, 1925 September 27, 1991

Illness and death [edit]

Later suffering from multiple health problems (including depression and alcoholism) over many years, O'Neill ultimately faced a severe Parkinsons-similar tremor in his hands which made it impossible for him to write during the concluding x years of his life; he had tried using dictation but establish himself unable to compose in that style.[ citation needed ] While at Tao House, O'Neill had intended to write a cycle of eleven plays chronicling an American family since the 1800s.[ citation needed ] Merely 2 of these, A Touch of the Poet and More Stately Mansions, were e'er completed. Equally his health worsened, O'Neill lost inspiration for the projection and wrote three largely autobiographical plays, The Iceman Cometh, Long Twenty-four hours'due south Journey into Nighttime, and A Moon for the Misbegotten. He managed to complete Moon for the Misbegotten in 1943, simply before leaving Tao House and losing his ability to write. Drafts of many other uncompleted plays were destroyed by Carlotta at Eugene's request.[ citation needed ]

O'Neill stamp issued in 1967

O'Neill died in Room 401 of the Sheraton Hotel (now Boston University's Kilachand Hall) on Bay State Road in Boston, on November 27, 1953, at the age of 65. Equally he was dying, he whispered his final words: "I knew it. I knew it. Built-in in a hotel room and died in a hotel room."[26]

Dr. Harry Kozol, the prosecution'southward lead good in the Patty Hearst trial, treated O'Neill during these terminal years of disease.[27] He besides was present for O'Neill'due south death and announced the fact to the public.[28]

O'Neill is interred in the Forest Hills Cemetery in Boston's Jamaica Plain neighborhood.

In 1956 Carlotta arranged for his autobiographical play Long Twenty-four hours's Journey into Night to be published, although his written instructions had stipulated that it non be fabricated public until 25 years later on his expiry. It was produced on stage to tremendous disquisitional acclamation and won the Pulitzer Prize in 1957.[29] This last play is widely considered to exist his finest. Other posthumously-published works include A Touch of the Poet (1958) and More Stately Mansions (1967).

In 1967, the United states of america Post honored O'Neill with a Prominent Americans series (1965–1978) $1 postage stamp.

Only in 2000 was it discovered that he died of cerebellar cortical atrophy, a rare form of brain deterioration unrelated to either alcohol use or Parkinson's disease.[30]

Legacy [edit]

In Warren Beatty's 1981 motion-picture show Reds, O'Neill is portrayed by Jack Nicholson, who was nominated for the Academy Honor for Best Supporting Role player for his performance.

George C. White founded the Eugene O'Neill Theatre Center in Waterford, Connecticut in 1964.[31]

Eugene O'Neill is a member of the American Theater Hall of Fame.[32]

O'Neill is referenced past Upton Sinclair in The Cup of Fury (1956), by J.Thou. Simmons' character in Whiplash (2014), and by Tony Stark in Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015), specifically Long Mean solar day's Journey into Dark.

O'Neill is referred to in Moss Hart's 1959 book Act 1, afterwards a Broadway play.

Museums and collections [edit]

O'Neill's dwelling in New London, Monte Cristo Cottage, was fabricated a National Historic Landmark in 1971. His home in Danville, California, near San Francisco, was preserved as the Eugene O'Neill National Historic Site in 1976.

Connecticut College maintains the Louis Sheaffer Collection, consisting of material collected by the O'Neill biographer. The principal drove of O'Neill papers is at Yale University. The Eugene O'Neill Theater Heart in Waterford, Connecticut fosters the development of new plays under his name.

There is also a theatre in New York City named after him located at 230 West 49th Street in midtown-Manhattan. The Eugene O'Neill Theatre has housed musicals and plays such as Yentl, Annie, Grease, M. Butterfly, Spring Enkindling, and The Volume of Mormon.

Piece of work [edit]

Other works [edit]

  • Tomorrow, 1917. A Small Story published in The 7 Arts, Vol. II, No. 8 in June 1917.[35]
  • The Last Will and Testament of an Extremely Distinguished Domestic dog, 1940. Written to comfort Carlotta every bit their "child" Blemie was budgeted his death in Dec 1940.[36]

See also [edit]

  • The Eugene O'Neill Award

References [edit]

  1. ^ Harold Blossom (2007). Introduction. In: Bloom (Ed.), Tennessee Williams, updated edition. Infobase Publishing. p. 2.
  2. ^ The New York Times, August 25, 2003: 'Adjacent year Playwrights Theater will present an unproduced O'Neill one-act, At present I Ask You, a comic spin on Ibsen'southward Hedda Gabler."
  3. ^ a b c The Eugene O'Neill Foundation newsletter: "At present I Ask Y'all, forth with The Movie Human being, ... is the only surviving comedy from O'Neill's early years."
  4. ^ a b Gelb, Arthur (October 17, 1957). "O'Neill'south Birthplace Is Marked By Plaque at Times Square Site". The New York Times. p. 35. Retrieved November 13, 2008.
  5. ^ Simonson, Robert (July 23, 2012). "Enquire Playbill.com: A Question Nearly Eugene O'Neill'south Birthplace, in a Broadway Hotel". Playbill . Retrieved November 8, 2016.
  6. ^ Henderson, Kathy (April 21, 2009). "The Tragic Roots of Eugene O'Neill's Want Under the Elms". Broadway.com. Retrieved November 8, 2015.
  7. ^ Londré, Felicia (2016). "Eugene O'neill: A Life in Four Acts by Robert Chiliad. Dowling, and: Eugene O'neill: The Contemporary Reviews ed. past Jackson R. Bryer and Robert Thousand. Dowiling (review)". Theatre History Studies. 35: 351–353. doi:ten.1353/ths.2016.0027. S2CID 193596557.
  8. ^ "Eugene O'Neill". American Society of Authors and Writers.
  9. ^ a b c d e Dowling, Robert M., Eugene O'Neill: A Life in Four Acts, Yale University Press, 2014 ISBN 9780300170337
  10. ^ "Spelled Freedom" From: Stamford Past & Present, 1641 – 1976 The Commemorative Publication of the Stamford Bicentennial Committee (Stamford Historical Lodge)
  11. ^ Manheim, Michael, ed. (1998). The Cambridge Companion to Eugene O'Neil. Cambridge: Cambridge Academy Printing. p. 97.
  12. ^ Bloom, Steven F. (2007). Student Companion to Eugene O'Neil. Westport: Greenwood Printing. p. 3.
  13. ^ Abbotson, Susan C.West. (2005). Masterpieces of 20th-Century American Drama. Westport: Greenwood Press. p. 8.
  14. ^ O'Neill, Eugene (1959). Ah, Wilderness!. Frankfurt am Master: Hirschgraben-Verlag. p. 3.
  15. ^ Patrick Murfin (Oct 16, 2012). "The Crewman Who Became "America's Shakespeare"". Heretic, Rebel, a Thing to Flout. Retrieved November 8, 2016.
  16. ^ Dearborn, Mary Five. (1996). Queen of Bohemia: The Life of Louise Bryant . New York: Houghton Mifflin Company. p. 52. ISBN978-0-395-68396-v.
  17. ^ Glaspell, Susan (1941) [1927]. The Route to the Temple (second ed.). New York: Frederick A. Stokes. p. 255.
  18. ^ "The Web by Eugene O'Neill." Sex activity for Sale: Vi Progressive-Era Brothel Dramas, by Katie N. Johnson, Academy of Iowa Press, IOWA CITY, 2015, pp. 15–29. JSTOR.
  19. ^ Renda, Mary (2001). Taking Haiti: Armed forces Occupation and the Civilization of U.S. Imperialism . Chapel Hill: University of N Carolina Printing. pp. 198–212. ISBN0-8078-4938-3.
  20. ^ van Gelder, Lawrence (Baronial 25, 2003). "Arts Briefing". The New York Times . Retrieved November viii, 2016.
  21. ^ "Nomination Database". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved Nov 8, 2016.
  22. ^ Smith, Susan Harris (1984). Masks in Modern Drama. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 66–70, 106–08, 131–36, index S124. ISBN0-520-05095-9.
  23. ^ Cheslow, Jerry. "If You're Thinking of Living In/Signal Pleasant, N.J.; A Borough With a Variety of Boating", The New York Times, November 9, 2003. Accessed January 25, 2015. "The most famous Point Pleasant resident was Eugene O'Neill, who married a local girl named Agnes Boulton and grumbled nearly beingness bored through the winter of 1918-xix, as he lived rent free in a home endemic by Agnes's parents.
  24. ^ "Eugene O'Neill Midweek to Miss Monterey". The New York Times. July 24, 1929. p. nine. Retrieved Nov thirteen, 2008.
  25. ^ "Bermuda'due south Warwick Parish".
  26. ^ Sheaffer, Louis (1973). O'Neill: Son and Artist . Piddling, Brown & Co. ISBN0-316-78337-iv.
  27. ^ Carey, Benedict (September one, 2008). "Harry Fifty. Kozol, Expert in Patty Hearst Trial, Is Dead at 102". The Dispatch. Lexington, North Carolina. Retrieved June thirty, 2019.
  28. ^ "Eugene O'Neill Dies of Pneumonia; Playwright, 65, Won Nobel Prize". The New York Times. Nov 28, 1953. Retrieved November eight, 2016.
  29. ^ "Long Day's Journeying into Dark | play by O'Neill". Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved Feb 24, 2019.
  30. ^ Los Angeles Times, 13 April 2000. Retrieved September 10, 2020
  31. ^ "Eugene O'Neill Theatre Center Website". Retrieved March 4, 2014.
  32. ^ "Theater Hall of Fame members".
  33. ^ Title equally in original typescript and title page of Modern Library edition
  34. ^ "Exorcism" . Yale U. Library Acquires Lost Play past Eugene O'Neill. Chronicle of Higher Education. October xix, 2011. Retrieved Oct 22, 2011. (The play, prepare in 1912, is based on O'Neill'south suicide attempt from an overdose of barbiturates in a Manhattan rooming house. After its premiere in 1920, O'Neill canceled the production and, it had been idea, destroyed all copies.)
  35. ^ O'Neill, Eugene (1917). The Seven Arts (June 1917 ed.). New York: The Vii Arts Publishing Co. Retrieved March 5, 2020.
  36. ^ O'Neill, Eugene; Yorinks, Adrienne (1999). The Concluding Will and Testament of an Extremely Distinguished Dog (First ed.). New York: Henry Holt and Co. ISBN0-8050-6170-three. Archived from the original on February 23, 2014. Retrieved November xvi, 2008.

Farther reading [edit]

Editions of O'Neill [edit]

  • O'Neill, Eugene; Bogard, Travis (1988). Complete Plays 1913–1920. The Library of America. Vol. 40. New York: Literary Classics. ISBN0-940450-48-viii.
  • O'Neill, Eugene; Bogard, Travis (1988). Complete Plays 1920–1931. The Library of America. Vol. 41. New York: Literary Classics. ISBN0-940450-49-6.
  • O'Neill, Eugene; Bogard, Travis (1988). Complete Plays 1932–1943. The Library of America. Vol. 42. New York: Literary Classics. ISBN0-940450-50-X.

Scholarly works [edit]

  • Black, Stephen A. (2002). Eugene O'Neill: Beyond Mourning and Tragedy. Yale Academy press. ISBN0-300-09399-3.
  • Bryan, George B. and Wolfgang Mieder. 1995. The Proverbial Eugene O'Neill. An Index to Proverbs in the Works of Eugene Gladstone O'Neill. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press.
  • Clark, Barrett H. (November 1932). "Aeschylus and O'Neill". The English Periodical. XXI (nine): 699–710. doi:10.2307/804473. JSTOR 804473.
  • Clark, Barrett H. (1926). Eugene O'Neill: The Man and His Plays. Dover Publications, Inc. New York.
  • Dowling, Robert 1000. (2014). Eugene O'Neill: A Life in Four Acts. Yale University Press. ISBN978-0-300-17033-vii.
  • Floyd, Virginia, ed. (1979). Eugene O'Neill: A World View. Frederick Unger. ISBN0-8044-2204-4.
  • Floyd, Virginia (1985). The Plays of Eugene O'Neill: A New Assessment . Frederick Unger. ISBN0-8044-2206-0.
  • Gelb, Arthur; Gelb, Barbara (2000). O'Neill: Life with Monte Christo. Adulation/Penguin Putnam. ISBN0-399-14912-0.
  • Gelb, Arthur; Gelb, Barbara (2016). By Women Possessed: A Life of Eugene O'Neill. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. ISBN978-0-399-15911-four.
  • Sheaffer, Louis (2002) [1968]. O'Neill Book I: Son and Playwright. Cooper Foursquare Press. ISBN0-8154-1243-six.
  • Sheaffer, Louis (1999) [1973]. O'Neill Volume Two: Son and Creative person. Cooper Square Printing. ISBN0-8154-1244-four.
  • Tiusanen, Timo (1968). O'Neill's Breathtaking Images (Ph.D. thesis, Academy of Helsinki). Princeton: Princeton Academy Press. LCCN 68-20882.
  • Wainscott, Ronald H. (1988). Staging O'Neill: The Experimental Years. Yale University Press. ISBN0-300-04152-seven.
  • Winther, Sophus Keith (1934). Eugene O'Neill: A Disquisitional Study. New York: Random Business firm. OCLC 900356.

External links [edit]

Digital collections
Physical collections
  • Eugene O'Neill Papers. Yale Collection of American Literature, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library.
  • Eugene O'Neill Papers Add-on. Yale Collection of American Literature, Beinecke Rare Volume and Manuscript Library.
  • Carlotta O'Neill notebook of letters and photographs, 1927-1954, held past the Baton Rose Theatre Division, New York Public Library for the Performing Arts. The notebook contains handwritten transcriptions past Carlotta O'Neill of letters and inscriptions to her from her married man, Eugene O'Neill, and photographs, generally portraits of Eugene and Carlotta O'Neill.
Analysis and editorials
  • Haunted by Eugene O'Neill—Article in BU Today, September 29, 2009
  • Eugene O'Neill: the sailor, the sickness, the phase from the Museum of the City of New York Collections weblog
  • The Iceman Cometh: A Study Guide
External entries
  • Eugene O'Neill at the Cyberspace Broadway Database Edit this at Wikidata
  • Eugene O'Neill at the Internet Off-Broadway Database
  • Eugene O'Neill at IMDb
  • Eugene O'Neill | PlaybillVault.com
Other sources
  • Eugene O'Neill official website
  • Casa Genotta official website
  • Eugene O'Neill National Celebrated Site
  • American Experience - Eugene O'Neill: A Documentary Film on PBS Archived February ane, 2017, at the Wayback Car
  • Eugene O'Neill on Nobelprize.org Edit this at Wikidata
Awards and achievements
Preceded past

Warren S. Stone

 Cover of Time mag
March 17, 1924 		Succeeded by

Raymond Poincaré

lewisneper1990.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_O%27Neill

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